International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology
A Comparative Study of Nanoparticles: Properties and Applications in the Textile Industry
This review explores the multidisciplinary realm of nanotechnology, highlighting its principles, historical evolution, and wide-ranging applications. Beginning with an overview of nanoscience and its foundational concepts, the paper delves into nanomaterials' classification and synthesis methods, including both top-down and bottom-up approaches. A comparative insight into green synthesis and conventional chemical synthesis of nanoparticles is also discussed, where green synthesis is emphasized as an eco-friendly, sustainable, and less toxic alternative, in contrast to chemical synthesis, which often involves hazardous reagents and generates harmful by-products. The paper further emphasizes the unique properties of nanomaterials that differ significantly from their bulk counterparts, making them suitable for diverse applications. Key areas of focus include the role of nanotechnology in electronics, medicine, environmental protection, and agriculture. Additionally, the paper addresses potential risks, toxicity concerns, and the prospects of nanotechnology, stressing the importance of responsible development and application. This comprehensive review aims to provide a foundational understanding of nanotechnology and its transformative potential across various sectors.
Impact of Hydrogel Application and Foliar Agrochemical sprays on growth and yield of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.), a vital rabi oilseed crop in India, faces significant productivity constraints due to water stress and nutrient limitations, particularly in semi-arid regions like Rajasthan. This study was conducted during the Rabi 2024–25 season at the Agronomy Farm, Nirwan University, Jaipur, to evaluate the impact of hydrogel and foliar-applied agro-chemicals (thiourea, salicylic acid, and NPK 19:19:19) on the growth, physiological parameters, and yield of mustard. The experiment, laid out in a factorial randomized block design with 16 treatment combinations and three replications, revealed that hydrogel application at 7.5 kg/ha significantly improved plant height (194.0 cm), dry matter accumulation (257.5 g/m), branching, chlorophyll content (3.26 mg/g), and seed yield (1829 kg/ha) compared to control. Similarly, foliar spray of thiourea @ 500 ppm consistently enhanced growth and yield attributes, recording the highest CGR (8.3 g/m²/day), RGR (74.9 mg/g/day), and seed yield (1820 kg/ha), followed by salicylic acid and NPK treatments. The results underscore the efficacy of hydrogel and stress-alleviating foliar sprays in improving water-use efficiency, physiological resilience, and mustard productivity under water-limited conditions. The integration of these technologies presents a sustainable approach to address abiotic stress in oilseed production systems.
Evaluation of the different varieties of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) in Prayagraj agroclimatic condition, Uttar Pradesh
The experiment was conducted in the Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Science, Prayagraj, during 2024-2025. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 12 Lotus varieties and each variety was replicated 4 times. The different varieties used in the experiment were 108, Akhila, Fong Hu, Sai Thung Sui, Super lotus 14, Allahabad local lotus-1, Allahabad local lotus-2, Yellow penoy, Super lotus, Bucha, Rani red, White lotus. The result obtained showed that the variety V11: Rani red showed significantly better performance in parameters like plant height (34.01 cm), number of leaves (40.32), leaf length (23.18 cm), leaf width (20.79 cm), number of days for emergence of flower bud (21.62), flower diameter (16.92 cm), flower length (24.99 cm), duration of flowering (9.89), vase life (6.71), total number of flowers/plant (35.90), and which was found to be at par with variety V3: Fong Hu in plant height (33.00 cm), number of leaves (38.93), leaf length (22.78 cm), leaf width (24.03 cm), number of days for emergence of flower bud (22.84), flower diameter (16.25 cm), flower length (24.62 cm), duration of flowering (9.53), vase life (6.43), total number of flowers/plant (35.46), Hence, variety V11 and V3 is excellent in terms of performance and plant growth under Prayagraj agroclimatic conditions.
Effect of Different Auxin Concentrations on Rooting of Bougainvillea
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of Indole- 3 Butyric Acid (IBA) on the rooting and sprouting performance of Bougainvillea cuttings. The cuttings were treated with different IBA concentrations. The treatments were T1 (Distilled water), T2 (IBA 500 ppm), T3 (IBA 1000 ppm), T4 (IBA 1500 ppm), T5 (IBA 2000 ppm), T6 (IBA 2500 ppm), T7 (IBA 3000 ppm), T8 (IBA 3500 ppm) and T9 (IBA 4000 ppm). Key parameters observed were days to sprouting, number of shoots per cutting, sprouting percentage, root length and number of roots per cutting. The results revealed that IBA significantly enhanced rooting and sprouting compared to untreated controls. Among all treatments T6 (IBA 2500ppm) and T5 (IBA 2000ppm) were found to be the most effective, resulting in earlier rooting, increased shoot formation, higher sprouting percentage, longer roots, and more roots per cutting. Higher concentrations above 3000 ppm showed reduced effectiveness, likely due to auxin toxicity. This study concludes that moderate IBA concentrations (2000–2500 ppm) are optimal for the successful propagation of bougainvillea through cuttings.
Sustainable Processing and Commercialization of Underutilized Fruits in North East India
The Eastern Himalayan region of India are known for its diverse nature of soil, climate, topography and also rich diversity of less-known, indigenous, underutilized and ethno-medicinally important fruit crops. The underutilized or neglected fruit crops represent an enormous wealth of agrobiodiversity growing wildly in the forest and in almost every homestead and backyard without much care and attention. These crops have great potential for contributing to food security and nutrition, health (nutritional/medicinal), income generation, environmental services and combating the hidden hunger caused by micronutrient deficiencies. Though having many incredible potential, they are less or poorly documented as they have lesser demand in the market, neither they are grown commercially nor traded, lesser known to people about its cultivation, distribution and its value. Through social media and advancement of technology, some tribals have come forward to promote their ways of consuming and preserving by becoming an entrepreneur and making their products commercially available online and offline. Commercialized value-added products of some underutilized fruits from different northeast India were documented here. The commercialization of underutilized fruits in Northeast India holds significant potential for economic, nutritional, and social impacts and also holds significant potential for future research and development. It is high time that the communities, researchers and the entrepreneurs all work together to make these minor fruit crops a commercially viable fruit crop of future.
Biology of major lepidopteran predators of Lac Insect
Investigations on “Biology of Major Lepidopteran Predators of Lac Insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr)” was carried out in the Department of Entomology, Rajasthan college of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur, during 2021 with a view to record biological parameters viz., incubation period, larval and pupal period, pre-oviposition period, oviposition period, post-oviposition period, adult longevity, total life cycle, and fecundity and evaluate the bio-effecacy of organic treatments against major lepidopteran predators of lac insect. The incubation period of E. amabilis ranged from 3 to 5 days, the total larval-pupal period ranged from 22 to 38 days, the pre-oviposition period ranged from 4 to 6 days, the oviposition period lasted 5 to 7 days, and the post-oviposition period lasted between 3 and 6 days. The total life cycle of a female is 48-54 days. Adult male longevity ranged from 6 to 11 days. Female longevity ranged from 7 to 11 days, the Total life cycle of the female was 48-54 days, and the total lifespan of the male E. amabilis was 43 to 50 days. The average number of eggs laid by E. amabilis was 103.60. The Incubation period of P. pulverea ranged from 5 to 6 days. The total larval-pupal period ranged from 23 to 39 days, the pre-oviposition period ranged from 5 to 6 days, and the oviposition period ranged from 7 to 9 days. The post-oviposition period lasted between 5 and 8 days; male longevity ranged from 7 to 14 days. Female longevity ranged from 9 to 18 days, with a total life cycle of 49 to 59 days. The average number of eggs laid by P. pulverea was 92 eggs.
Impact of Different Nitrogen Sources and Plant Spacing on the Growth Characteristics of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees) under the Malwa Agro-Climatic Region of Madhya Pradesh
A field experiment titled “Effect of Nitrogen Sources and Plant Geometry on Herbage Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) under the Malwa Plateau of Madhya Pradesh” was conducted during the Kharif season of 2024–25. The study was undertaken at the Herbal Garden, Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, KNK College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (M.P.). Observations on various growth parameters were systematically recorded using established scientific methodologies. The study assessed key growth parameters, including Leaf Area (cm2 plant-1) Fresh weight (g plant-1) and Dry weight (g plant-1). Observations were recorded from five randomly selected plants at intervals of 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after transplanting (DAT), as well as at the time of harvest. The results indicated that among the nitrogen treatments, N1 (40 kg N through vermicompost + 40 kg N through urea) showed the highest values for leaf area (8.75, 45.10, 104.54, 134.45, and 134.37 cm²), fresh weight (9.13, 25.51, 45.00, 64.41, and 63.72 g), and dry weight (2.68, 6.81, 23.06, 41.77, and 44.17 g). In terms of plant spacing, the S1 geometry (20 × 10 cm) resulted in the greatest leaf area (9.12, 45.80, 105.33, 135.12, and 134.43 cm²), fresh weight (9.22, 26.70, 45.15, 64.95, and 64.34 g), and dry weight (2.76, 6.92, 22.98, 41.70, and 44.22 g). Furthermore, the combined treatment of S1 × N1 produced the most significant results, with maximum leaf area (10.82, 48.23, 108.83, 139.01, and 137.53 cm²), fresh weight (10.50, 32.49, 48.83, 68.50, and 70.06 g), and dry weight (3.49, 8.54, 28.68, 46.61, and 47.79 g) at 30, 60, 90 DAT, and at harvest.
Effect of Nitrogen Sources and Plant Spacing on Morphological Traits of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees) under Malwa Agro-Climatic Conditions of Madhya Pradesh
The field experiment trial titled “Effect of nitrogen sources and plant geometry on herbage yield and nutrient uptake in Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees.)” under Malwa Plateau of Madhya Pradesh’’ was carried out in at Herbal Garden Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, KNK College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (M.P.) during the Kharif season 2024-25. The experimental Observations on morphological parameters were recorded using standard methods. The study assessed key morphological parameters, including plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, and number of branches per plant. Observations were recorded from five randomly selected plants at intervals of 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after transplanting (DAT), as well as at harvest. The results indicated that the nitrogen treatment N1 (40 kg N applied through vermicompost combined with 40 kg N through urea) resulted in the highest values for plant height, number of branches, and number of leaves. Among the spacing treatments, S1 (20 × 10 cm) was found to be the most effective, also producing the maximum plant height, number of branches, and number of leaves. Furthermore, the combined treatment of S1 × N1 consistently recorded the highest values for all morphological traits across all growth stages, including 30, 60, 90 DAT, and at harvest.
Rice Breeding for Brown Planthopper Resistance (Nilaparvata lugens Stål.)
Plant breeding is considered one of the prospective strategies for the BPH [Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.)] resistance development under the modernized rice production system. The BPH-resistant novel rice lines were studied via molecular SSR markers, and the BPH effects on grain yield and the agronomic performance of the rice were also reported. The seven rice lines were obtained from the parents OM6683 (donor) x OM6162 (recipient), and two TN1-susceptible and Ptb33-resistant checking cultivars were used through the standard seed box screening technique. The results showed that seven rice lines and the OM6683 variety almost contained the BPH-resistance genes Bph1, Bph3, and Bph13 by utilizing three simple sequence repeat markers, like RM1103 (200 bp), RM204 (200 bp), and RM545 (220 bp). In addition, all of these rice lines/varieties also uncovered the BPH-resistance characteristics from resistant (3, scale) to highly resistant (1, scale) for four diverse BPH populations (Can Tho, Dong Thap, Tien Giang, and Hau Giang provinces) in both Autumn-Summer and Spring-Winter seasons. Furthermore, the results of BPH-resistance characteristics, grain yield, and agronomic traits were better than in the five rice lines G1-BC2F5-7-1-1-5-10, G2-BC2F5-8-1-1-9-5, G3-BC2F5-11-1-1-8-7, G4-BC2F5-54-1-1-5-2, and G5-BC3F4-8-1-1-1-5 as compared to other rice lines and the parents OM6162 and OM6683. In conclusion, the studies suggested that these potential rice lines can be harnessed as donor pivotal genetic sources to develop BPH-resistant novel rice varieties combined with valid agronomic and quality traits, and high crop yield.
MAS (Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection),
From Lab to Land - Overcoming Challenges in Adoptation of Speed Breeding Technology
MAS (Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection)
Colonial Scientific Forestry and its Challenges: The Creation of Forest Reserves and Local Resistance in the Gambia
Forest reserves were central to the sustainable management of forest resources within colonial territories, which is not any different in the Gambia. However, there is little or no evidence on colonial scientific forestry and its challenges with respect to the creation of forest reserves and local resistance in the Gambia. The study adopted a systematic review of the literature, which used the Preferred Items for Reporting Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) to select sixteen (16) studies. The study showed that the main aim of colonial scientific forestry was to rationalise forest management through mapping, classification, and conservation of timber resources for colonial economic interests. The study found that forest reserves restricted local access to vital land and forest resources, which were often culturally significant. The study revealed that the barrier to sustainably implementing scientific forestry was largely due to underfunding, weak institutional capacity, and external pressure from timber and agricultural sectors. The findings showed that colonial policies in the Gambia laid the groundwork for continued centralised governance, but recent shifts favour participatory and hybrid models. The study concludes that the implementation of forest reserves, while justified under the guise of ecological conservation, served more to reinforce colonial authority and economic interests at the expense of indigenous land rights and cultural practices.
Constraints faced by goat keepers in Rajsamand district of Rajasthan
The aim of the present study was to find out the constraints faced by goat keepers in the Rajsamand district of Rajasthan. In this study, four tehsils were selected, namely Rajsamand, Nathdwara, Deogarh, and Kumbhalgarh, based on their high goat populations. From each tehsil, five villages were randomly chosen, and 10 respondents with at least ten goats were surveyed from each village, totaling 200 respondents. Data was collected using a pre-tested, well-structured interview schedule. The present study showed that 69.5% of respondents faced severe constraints, with 12% experiencing the most severe and 18.5% experiencing the least severe constraints. The main constraints identified were grazing land shortage (MPS: 94.16), lack of veterinary services (MPS: 91.5), and insufficient credit facilities (MPS: 87). Other significant constraints included a shortage of feed and fodder (MPS: 85.33), non-availability of green fodder (MPS: 80.5), and a lack of knowledge regarding the selection of breeding bucks (MPS: 78.16). Additional issues were a lack of knowledge about scientific goat housing (MPS: 73.33), the high cost of breeding bucks (MPS: 71.5), the high price of concentrate feed (MPS: 69.66), and a lack of knowledge about balanced feeding (MPS: 65.5). Further constraints included a lack of knowledge about mineral mixture feeding (MPS: 62.33), the high price of mineral mixtures (MPS: 61.16), low productivity of goats (MPS: 59.16), parasitic problems (MPS: 54.83), and a lack of knowledge about deworming (MPS: 50.16). Based on the findings, it is recommended to develop appropriate strategies for the advancement of goat farming and support for goat farmers.
Effect of Nitrogen Sources and Plant Spacing on Soil properties in growing season of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees) under Malwa Agro-Climatic Conditions of Madhya Pradesh
The field experiment trial titled “Effect of Nitrogen Sources and Plant Spacing on Soil properties in growing season of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees) under Malwa Agro-Climatic Conditions of Madhya Pradesh’’ was carried out in the Herbal Garden Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, KNK College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (M.P.) during the Kharif season 2024-25. The experimental Observations on soil parameters were recorded using standard methods. The study assessed key soil parameters, including Available nitrogen (kg ha-1), Available phosphorus (kg ha-1) and Available potassium (kg ha-1) in soil. The results indicated that the pre-transplant soil analysis has a field variation in the soil fertility, as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content. Among the treatment plots, S1 and N1 plots showed more fertility as compared to the other plots. The post-harvest soil analysis showed similar trends, with S1 and N1 plots showing higher nutrient levels in the soil. The combination S1 × N1 resulted in the maximum retention of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, indicating efficient nutrient cycling.
Effect of feeding mustard cake on nutrient utilization in Pratapdhan chicks
The present study was designed to assess the effect of feeding mustard cake on nutrient utilization in Pratapdhan chicks. A total of 200 day-old straight run Pratapdhan chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups with five replicates of 10 chicks each. The chicks were fed maize soyabean deoiled cake basal diet (T1, control) or with mustard cake included at 3% (T2), 6% (T3 and 9% (T4) in the diet replacing soya DOC by 10, 13, and 16%. A metabolism trial was conducted at 8 weeks of age to study nutrient utilization by Pratapdhan chicks. Results showed that supplementation of 6% Mustard cake in the diet significantly improved the CF intake, digestible CF intake in Pratapdhan chicks. The digestibility coefficients of crude protein (80.48%), crude fibre (76.54%), ether extract (84.65%) and NFE (75.94%) were significantly (P<0.01) higher in T3 compared to other treatments while digestibility remained lowest in control group. The protein and energy efficiency ratios were significantly (P<0.01) higher in T3 (1.94 and 13.90) compared to other treatment groups. Based on results of nutrient utilization it can be concluded that Mustard cake can be safely included in the diet of Pratapdhan chicks at 6 percent level for better digestibility of pratapdhan chicks.
Development and Performance Evaluation of Solar Power Operated Brush Cutter
The solar power-operated brush cutter offers a promising solution for sustainable agriculture, emphasizing reduced environmental impact and cost-effectiveness. Its design prioritizes performance, reliability, and user-friendliness, with carefully selected components ensuring optimal functionality under diverse conditions. This solar-powered solution showcases the feasibility and effectiveness of clean energy technologies in agriculture, promoting a greener and more sustainable future for farming practices. The solar power operated brush cutter consists of Main frame, Ground Wheel, Handle, Switch, Solar Panel, Motor, Battery, Inverter, Cutting Blade. The developed solar power operated brush cutter performance evaluation was carried out calculated theoretical field capacity (ha/h), actual field capacity (ha/h), Field efficiency (%) cutting efficiency and power consumption.
As more people look for healthier and eco-friendly food choices, vegan paneer is becoming a popular alternative to traditional dairy paneer. This review takes a closer look at why vegan paneer is gaining traction, touching on its nutritional benefits, market trends, and the growing demand from people with lactose intolerance and dairy allergies. The world market, worth about $9 billion in 2022, is expected to expand significantly, with India's market to reach INR 1848 billion by 2032. The demand for plant-based alternatives is also on the rise, as seen in the $270 million sales of non-dairy cheese in the US in 2020.Vegan paneer comes in various forms, including soy-based, nut-based, and millet-based options, each with unique flavors and textures. While it offers benefits like lower cholesterol and being allergen-free, one of the main challenges is achieving the same taste and texture as dairy paneer. There are also concerns about nutritional gaps, making fortification an essential part of product development. Innovation is key to making plant-based alternatives more appealing and accessible. As the industry evolves, the focus remains on creating delicious, nutritious, and sustainable vegan paneer options that meet consumer expectations and contribute to a better food future.
Analyzing Farmer’s Perception of the Soil Health Card Scheme and Its Role in Reducing Farming Production Costs
Injudicious and haphazard use of chemical fertiliser in agriculture is a matter of concern in recent times. To avoid the deterioration of soil in the long run and to visualise the importance of balanced nutrients in crop production. The Soil Health Card (SHC) provides soil health data to get appropriate guidance to the farmers for the efficient use of fertiliser to cultivate crops based on soil health analysis. The SHC is a simple document which contains useful data on soil based on chemical analysis of the soil to describe soil health in terms of its nutrient availability and its physical and chemical properties. The soil health card is also made available online for farmers. To understand the feelings of the farmers against this system, there is an urgent need to study the degree of positive or negative disposition associated with farmers towards the usefulness and application of the Soil Health Card. Thus, the present study on farmers' perception regarding the soil health card was undertaken. The study was conducted in three blocks of the Rewari district with 120 Soil health cardholders. The findings revealed that the majority of the farmers had knowledge and understanding about the utility of the soil health card. The findings further reveal that a maximum number of Soil health card holders had a favourable attitude towards the Soil health card, followed by less favourable and most favourable attitudes towards the Soil health card. Among constraints, difficulty in calculating fertiliser dose on the basis of nutrient status of soil was the major constraint faced by the majority of the respondents.
Development of Integrated farming system model: A Case study of a farmer of Jhajjar District of Haryana
In India, increasing population coupled with decreasing land holding which results in declining productivity challenged the livelihood of small and marginal farmers. The concept of integrated farming system which integrated various agricultural components and enterprises at farm level helps to have sustainable agriculture production system. Considering the efficacy of integrated farming system, present study was carried out at a farm comprising of bee keeping + horticultural crops + cereal crops,regarding farm income in Malikpur village of district Jhajjar, Haryana during 2021-22. Due to adoption of system net income has increased by 116 percent, indicating that integrated farming system could address the issues of productivity, sustainability and income generation effectively.
Impact of adding powdered Azolla (Azolla pinnata) leaves to the diet on the carcass and economic characteristics of turkey poults
The current study was planned to examine the “Impact of adding powdered Azolla (Azolla pinnata) leaves to the diet on the carcass and economic characteristics of turkey poults”. One hundred and twenty-eight-day-old turkey poults were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, each consisting of eight poults and four replicates. Azolla meal was added to the basal diet at 2.5% (T2), 5% (T3), and 7.5% (T4) levels to create three experimental diets. The control group (T1) was fed a basal diet without azolla supplementation. The dietary treatments were arranged in complete randomized design and analysed for the carcass traits and economics of rearing turkey poults. The findings ascribed to improved live weight, eviscerated weight, dressed weight and B: C ratio. The results indicate that up to 5% of Azolla leaf powder can be added to turkey feed as an unusual feed item without causing any negative side effects.
Adoption of Technology in Cardamom Cultivation in Taplejung District, Nepal
A study assessed the farmers' knowledge of technology adoption status in large cardamoms in the Taplejung district of Nepal. For the study, primary data were collected from 60 randomly selected farmers using a semi-structured interview schedule, focal group discussion (FGD), and key informant interview (KII). Secondary information was collected by reviewing different relevant publications. The data were processed and analyzed using descriptive statistics through SPSS and Excel programs. The study shows that farmers are aware of modern technology available for large cardamom cultivation. Most farmers adopt modern irrigation techniques (86%) to irrigate cardamom orchards. Only 2% farmers used chemical fertilizer in cardamom orchards, and 50% of farmers use organic manure. Mainly, cultural practices are used to control diseases, insects and pests. During field preparation, 72% of farmers used traditional tools, i.e., spades. For pruning operations, only a few farmers, 28%, used chainsaws but mainly used secateurs, and for weeding, hand tools are used primarily than brush cutters (only 33% adopted). The study shows that most farmers adopt improved air dryers (68%) rather than traditional dryers for post-harvest technology. The tail trimming method is carried out by 86% of cardamom farmers, and grading operation is not carried out before selling. Farmers mostly received subsidies from PMAMP and a few from the Agriculture Knowledge Center and other organizations. Furthermore, a lack of financial resources, technical issues, a lack of training or capacity-building programs, and difficulties with maintenance and repair were the significant constraints to adopting technology.
Collection and Quantification of Infectious Medical Waste at the University Hospital Center (CHU) of Abidjan / Cocody, Health and Environmental Risks, Ivory Coast
A questionnaire, an interview guide and observation were used to collect data for this action research. The CHU of Cocody has a modern technical platform and a wide range of treatment options for various diseases. Thus, the vastness and diversity of the CHU's care activities inevitably lead to the production of enormous medical waste of various types. Among these wastes, infectious medical waste and sharp objects (OPCT) are the subject of this research. In fact, the CHU produced 4267.12 kg of these infectious medical waste and sharp objects (OPCT) from 01/01/2024 to 31/03/2024. Quantification by weighing of this infectious waste, made it possible to note that 40.04% of this waste, or 1708.66 kg are OPCT and 59.96% or 2558.46 kg, are infectious medical waste. 90% of this waste is collected, however the route of the remaining 10% is unknown according to our surveys. 66.66% of the administrative and technical staff of the CHU. 72.72% of the PCI and PGOP staff are aware of the existence of the ministerial decree on the regulation of the management of health waste. The waste management process requires the establishment of a program for the management of said waste. This program, although existing at the PCI, requires training of the various actors in the medical waste management process as a whole. Sorting is abnormally done because pre-collection is and collection can only undergo. Only 90% of infectious medical waste is collected. The three-quarter (¾) filling of safety boxes (BS) and the method of introducing OPCTs into the BS are not respected by a large part of the medical staff. In fact, 45.46% of this staff is not even aware of the existence of decree 131 of June 3, 2009 relating to the management of medical waste and the lack of training is the cause.
Development of one step spot detection method for hydrogen peroxide in raw milk as preservative and adulterant
There was an incident in our locality that one-ton litre raw milk was detained in check post alleging adulteration of milk with Hydrogen peroxide. The news was reported in media and widely discussed by public. In the view of incident five under graduate students under my guidance conducted study of effect of hydrogen peroxide in raw milk. The study includes the preservative and adulterant characteristics of hydrogen peroxide in raw milk. They developed a simple method for quick detection of hydrogen peroxide in the raw milk. The investigation proved that optimum amount of hydrogen peroxide can act as preservative particularly in the occasion when quick cooling of milk is not possible. Addition of hydrogen peroxide increases shelf-life anti-bacterial properties of the row milk. The study developed a one step spot detection method for hydrogen peroxide in row milk. The test gives positive result above
Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer: Emerging Technologies in the Livestock Industry
Artificial insemination and embryo transfer have emerged as revolutionary technologies in the livestock industry, offering remarkable opportunities for genetic improvement and efficient herd management. In modern agriculture, these assisted reproductive technologies are increasingly being utilized for a wide range of applications, including out-of-season estrus induction, enhancement of reproductive performance, and preservation of endangered species or breeds. Nonetheless, significant advancements have been made in embryo technologies, particularly in the areas of estrus synchronization, superovulation, and in vitro embryo production. Incorporating applied reproductive technologies continues to effect animal production systems by providing producers opportunities to enhance genetics, reduce transfer of disease, advance fertility, and ultimately increase offspring value. Improvements in fertility and technology, reductions in cost, and improvements in ease of application will ensure that more cattle producers will adopt applied reproductive technologies in future years. However, incorporation of applied reproductive technologies into production systems will vary worldwide depending on cattle markets, infrastructure, production systems, and climate.
Soil Pollution and its effects on Agriculture
Soil pollution can lead to the emergence of new pests and diseases by changing the balance of ecosystems and causing the disappearance of predators or competing species that regulate their biomass. It also contributes to the spreading of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and genes, limiting humanity’s ability to cope with pathogens. Pollution can also cause the quality of soil to dwindle over time, making it harder to grow crops. Currently, the degradation of land and soils is affecting 40 per cent of the world’s population. Soil has a key role to play through its ecosystem functions as it affects water regulation, nutrient recycling, food production, climate change and the biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. Transitioning from soil degradation to practices that restore soil is critical to ensure the food security and wellbeing of generations to come has now become a call of time.
Teleconnection between Atmospheric Circulation and Meteorological Drought in Southwest China
Meteorological drought represents one of the most prevalent and consequential climate disasters in China, exerting severe impacts on regional ecosystems and socioeconomic development. This study investigates the teleconnection between meteorological drought and atmospheric circulation patterns in Southwest China from 1960 to 2022. Employing the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) across multiple temporal scales alongside atmospheric circulation data, we conducted a comprehensive analysis using statistical methodologies including run theory, Mann-Kendall trend tests, and Pearson correlation analysis. These approaches enabled an in-depth examination of the spatiotemporal characteristics of drought events and their atmospheric teleconnections in the region. The results demonstrate that (1) Since 1960, the seasonal drought occurrence probability in Southwest China follows the order: spring > winter > autumn > summer. Light and moderate droughts are the predominant types in the study area, while severe droughts occur relatively infrequently, with no extreme drought events recorded. (2) Significant spatial variations in meteorological drought exist at seasonal scales across Southwest China. Spring drought generally shows a mitigation trend, summer exhibits a northeast-wet/southwest-dry pattern, autumn demonstrates increasing aridity in most regions, and winter displays a distinct southeast-wet/ central-dry/ northwest-wet gradient. (3) Regional atmospheric circulation influences exhibit distinct patterns: ENSO demonstrates the most pronounced teleconnection impact across the entire region; PDO shows strong secondary influence, particularly in southeastern and northern areas; AO exhibits relatively weak effects, mainly affecting northern and northwestern sectors; and NAO displays minimal impact, with only 7.1% of southern and northern areas showing significant positive correlations. These findings provide valuable scientific references for drought research and integrated management in Southwest China, offering both theoretical foundations and empirical support for regional economic development planning. The results contribute to enhanced drought monitoring systems and informed policymaking for climate adaptation strategies in the region.
Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)
Contribution of green technologies on infrastructure performance in Rwanda, a case of green buildings constructed in the green Gicumbi project
In Rwanda, integrating green technologies in building projects presents an opportunity to enhance infrastructure performance while minimizing environmental impact. However, the extent to which these technologies contribute to the overall effectiveness of these infrastructures remains underexplored, especially in rural contexts like the Gicumbi District. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the contribution of green technologies used in green building projects to infrastructure performance. To achieve this objective, the study used a descriptive research design and a census sampling technique to select the entire population of 107 people, including the residents and beneficiaries of the green buildings project. Primary data were collected through a combination of questionnaires, interviews, and direct observations, while secondary data were gathered through documentary analysis and published research studies. The findings revealed that all green technologies such as resources-efficient design, low-emission materials, and waste management have a significant positive influence on the performance of the Green Buildings project in the Gicumbi district where a increase of one unit in resources-efficient design, low-emission materials, and waste management would lead to increase of 0.152, 0.14, and 0.178 in performance of Green Buildings. The study concluded that the change of 65% in the performance of Green Buildings is due to green technologies in terms of resource-efficient design, low-emission materials, and waste management at a 95% confidence interval.
A Review on the Role of Microbes in Degradation of Melanoidin from Distillery Wastewater
Discharge of melanoidin containing distillery wastewater raises a serious environmental concern as it can pose severe health risks to aquatic bodies and soil due to absorption of sunlight, change in the alkalinity and inhibition of seed germination. Several physicochemical and biological based clean-up technologies have been investigated to combat this environmental pollution. Strategies to decolorize the distillery effluents using potential microbial communities are efficient and cost-effective. Distillery effluent treatment methods using fungi, algae and bacteria have demonstrated promising results. Microbial enzymes involved in the mechanism of decolorization have also been studied extensively. Current advances in melanoidin decolorization using nanoparticles show great promise for treating industrial effluents. The focus of the present review is to explore the current approaches of use of different groups of microbes and novel approaches such as use of nanoparticles in decolorization of melanoidin containing distillery wastewater.
Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Gene family in Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana)
The metallo-enzyme superoxide dismutases (SODs) are significant in protecting plants from environmental challenges as well as regulating their growth and development. Although many plants have been determined to possess SOD gene families in their genomes, it is known, very scarcely, about such gene families in finger millet (Eleusine coracana). This study explored the SOD gene family across the entire genome of finger millet. A total of 10 SOD genes were discovered, comprising eight Cu/ZnSODs and two Fe/MnSOD. These EcSODs are spread irregularly throughout 3A and 8B chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SOD proteins in plants possibly classified into three primary groups for both EcCu/ZnSODs and EcFe-MnSODs. The motif and exon/intron makeup of SOD genes are conserved within the same subgroup. Protein structure prediction showed all homologs contains highest similarity with SOD peptide structure. Furthermore, numerous cis-elements that react to distinct stresses were distributed differently. The various biological processes associated with background molecular roles of SODs are further demonstrated by gene ontology analysis. The transcriptional factors discovered indicate that SODs are mostly connected to external environmental and biotic stress. This study lays the groundwork for future cloning, Genetic manipulation of SOD gene in finger millet which contributes towards finger millet breeding programs.
Effects of Leaf Reserved and clipped on Axillary Bud Quality in Umbrella-Shaped Hevea brasiliensis ‘Reken 628’ Bud-sticks
The insufficient supply of bud-sticks from traditional single-stem rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) remains a bottleneck for mini-seedling budding in commercial rubber plantations. To address this issue, we investigated the impact of leaf reserved versus leaf clipped on axillary bud development in umbrella-shaped ‘Reken 628’ rubber trees. After removing apical dominance by topping, the plants developed multiple branches, yielding 4–6 times more bud-sticks than conventional methods. Bud-sticks were harvested when petioles detached naturally and leaf scars turned brown. Axillary buds (scale buds and petiole buds) from the second (2nd) and third (3rd) leaf whorls were analyzed for quantity, moisture content, and morphological traits (bud scar dimensions, bud eye size). :Leaf reserved 2nd buds exhibited superior quality, with significantly higher moisture content (9.40–10.69%), larger bud scar width (43.21%), and thicker bud scars (19.69%) compared to their clipped counterparts (P < 0.05). Leaf-clipped reduced physiological consistency, increasing variability in leaf length (CV: 21.40–25.86%), leaf width (20.79–23.36%), and stem moisture (5.89%). Correlation analysis revealed strong synergies between leaves reserved, stem thickness, and bud moisture, critical for grafting success. We conclude that reserved leaves on 2nd whorls of umbrella-shaped trees optimizes bud-sticks quality for mini-seedling budding. Post-topping management should prioritize frequent irrigation and balanced fertilization to sustain nutrient supply. This strategy enhances bud-sticks yield, grafting efficiency, and survival rates, offering a scalable solution for high-demand rubber nurseries.
Evaluation of the potential of medicinal compounds of 10 Vietnamese rice varieties
This study to quantify flavonoids and polyphenols between 10 different rice varieties from white and brown rice. The phenolic content (TPC) of 10 rice varieties in the Mekong Delta :TPC of brown rice and white rice of different rice varieties differed significantly (p < 0.05). The TPC measured in brown rice was significantly higher (118.98-206.06%) than in white rice. Brown rice TPC levels were highest in NepThan (771.12 mg/100 g), while the lowest levels were found in OM5451 (100.12GAE mg/100 g). The highest and lowest levels of GAE were found in HATRI 11 (215.06 mg/100 g) and OM5451 (133.08 mg/100 g). The difference in the total phenolic content between varieties can be attributed to differences in genotype. It is noteworthy that HATRI 11's TPC is the highest among white rice, but it is only 119.47% higher than the lowest white rice varieties. The flavonoid content (TFC) of 10 TFC rice varieties of brown rice and white rice of different rice varieties differed significantly. The TFC of brown rice is in the range of 142.26–919.1RE mg/100 g, while white rice is in the range of 68.72–645.29RE mg/100 g: brown rice has a total flavonoid content 10%-20% higher than white rice. The total anthocyanin content in free form and the bonds vary between different genotypes of pigmented rice bran. The content of free and binding anthocyanins in the rice fraction of ten different genotypes of pigmented rice ranged from 2.18 to 256.11 and 5.25 to 38.51 mg of Cy3-GE/100 g DM, respectively. The highest concentration of anthocyanins was detected in free form. Nep Than showed the highest anthocyanin content (234.62 mg Cy3-GE/100 g DM), followed by HATRI 11 (73.88 mg Cy3-GE/100 g DM) and white rice (50.42 mg Cy3-GE/100 g DM). Polyphenols and flavonoids and the mechanism of rice growth and development from the limited description of previous works. Our studies have enriched the active compounds of rice and laid a solid foundation to improve the active compounds for the type of rice served as functional foods for Vietnam.